![]() The performer is instructed to “clarify the time structure by means of the instruments,” but even though the performance is completely designed by the performer, an element of chance still exists “because the improvisation can’t be based on taste and memory since one doesn’t know the instruments” (John Cage in an interview, 1982). 3 Musical Periods- (1) Ballet Music of Russian Period: firebird, Petrushka, Rite of Spring (2). His performance of Konrad Boehmer's Schreeuw Van Deze Aarde for solo percussion (BV Haast, 1990) won an Edison award for best new music recording and various. And thirdly, aleatory is realized in the performance, which is simply an improvisation. As Director of Percussion Studies at UNM from 1980-1996, Shultis worked closely with many composers including, among others, Ernst Krenek, Lou Harrison, Michael Colgrass and John Cage. These chance operations determine how many sections the prescribed 8 minutes is to be divided, the lengths of those sections and which instruments are to be used in which sections. Second, by the means of composing the structure: prior to the performance, the performer throws coins and interprets the results (heads or tails) by the oracle of the I Ching (the Chinese Book of Changes). The difficulty of reading the words and the ambiguity of what is and what is not crossed out adds an element of chance to the construction. First by the interpretation of the “score”: the instructions provided are written out in rough-draft-form in Cage’s chicken scratch, with words, sentences and paragraphs crossed out and scribbled over. In the 20th Century, many European composers were very intrigued with the idea of composing scores of music where the melody and rhythmic flow were left up to chance using dice. The aleatory is realized on three levels. Chance music, also known as Aleatoric music, is a type of music that is created or performed using some form of probability. Cage specifies amplified cactus and pea pod shakers as two of ten “instruments” that are to be chosen by the performer. Child of Tree is a composed improvisation for plant materials.
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